Nonhygroscopic, anionic pentacoordinate silicate

ABSTRACT

Nonhygroscopic, anionic pentacoordinate silicate, for example, ##STR1## soluble in commonly used organic solvents, and useful as a source of fluoride, cyanide or azide anion and as a catalyst or cocatalyst in polymerization systems, for example, the polymerization of methyl methacrylate.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a division of application Ser. No. 397,212 filed July 12, 1982 which issued May 8, 1984 as U.S. Pat. No. 4,447,628.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to pentacoordinate silicates which serve as anhydrous anion sources and which are useful as polymerization catalysts and cocatalysts.

BACKGROUND

Clark in Chem. Rev. 80, 429 (1980) includes in a discussion of the fluoride ion as a base in organic synthesis a review of organic and inorganic fluoride sources. Many of these have limited or no solubility in organic solvents and are difficult or impossible to maintain in the anhydrous state because of their hygroscopic nature.

Farnham et al. in J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 4608 (1981) discuss structural aspects of the anionic pentacoordinate silicon compounds of the formulae ##STR2## Perrozzi et al. in J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101, 1591 (1979) disclose similar pentacoordinate silicon compounds of the formula ##STR3## wherein R is methyl or phenyl.

It is an object of this invention to provide an anhydrous, nonhygroscopic, thermally stable, pentacoordinate silicon compound which can provide a fluoride, cyanide or azide anion. Another object is to provide such an anion source which is useful as a catalyst or cocatalyst in polymerization systems. Still another object is to provide a polymerization system utilizing the aforesaid anion source. A further object is to provide a process for polymerizing methyl methacrylate by means of the aforesaid anion source. Another object is to provide such an anion source which is soluble in commonly used organic solvents. Other objects will become apparent hereinafter.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

For further comprehension of the invention and of the objects and advantages thereof, reference may be made to the following description and to the appended claims in which the various novel features of the invention are more particularly set forth.

The invention resides in nonhygroscopic, anionic, pentacoordinate silicates which can readily be rendered anhydrous and which are especially suitable for use in nonaqueous solvents, particularly as polymerization catalysts and cocatalysts for acrylate monomers, especially methyl methacrylate. More specifically, the invention resides in compounds of the formula ##STR4## wherein

R¹ and R² are both aryl or one is aryl and the other is C₁₋₄ alkyl, or R¹ and R² taken together are ##STR5##

Y is CF₃ or, when R¹ and R² are taken together, CH₃ ;

X is F, CN or N₃ when Y is CF₃ ;

X is F when Y is CH₃ ;

M.sup.⊕ is (R³)₄ N.sup.⊕, [(R⁴)₂ N]₃ S.sup.⊕ or Cs.sup.⊕ when X is F;

M.sup.⊕ is (R⁵ )₄ N.sup.⊕ when X is CN;

M.sup.⊕ is [(R⁴)₂ N]₃ S.sup.⊕ or (R⁵)₄ N.sup.⊕ when X is N₃ ;

aryl is phenyl, phenyl substituted with F, C₁₋₄ alkyl or C₁₋₄ alkoxy or naphthyl;

R³ is C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R⁴ is C₁₋₂ alkyl or R⁴)₂ is --CH₂ --₅ ; and

R⁵ is C₂₋₄ alkyl.

The pentacoordinate silicon compounds of this invention are prepared from tetracoordinate silicon precursors. The latter can be prepared by known techniques, such as the following. Hexafluorocumyl alcohol can be converted readily to the dilithium salt, as demonstrated in the examples, for example, by means of tetramethylethylenediamine and n-butyllithium, and then reacted with the dichlorosilane of the formula R¹ R² SiCl₂ wherein R¹ and R² are as defined above. The reaction conveniently is carried out in a solvent, for example, tetrahydrofuran, petroleum ether, or a mixture thereof, at a temperature within the range -78° to 25° C. The tetracoordinate cyclic silane which is thus produced can be converted to the desired pentacoordinate silicon compound by means of an appropriate salt which provides M.sup.⊕ and X in the aforesaid formula for the compound of the invention. For example, as demonstrated in the examples, such moieties are provided by tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium trimethyldifluorosilicate [(CH₃)₂ N]₃ S.sup.⊕ (CH₃)₃ Si.sup.⊖ F₂ which is known from U.S. Pat. No. 3,940,402. The reaction conveniently is carried out at room temperature in a solvent, such as acetonitrile or tetrahydrofuran. The simplified nomenclature used in this specification is defined by means of the formulae shown: ##STR6## 1,1-diphenyl-3,3-bis[trifluoromethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2,1-benzoxasilole ##STR7## 1,1-diphenyl-1-fluoro-3,3-bis[trifluoromethyl]-1,3-dihydro-2,1-benzoxasilole[ion 1-], tris[dimethylamino]-sulfonium salt.

The following examples demonstrate the preparation of pentacoordinate silicates of this invention. All temperatures are in degrees Celsius. Symbols used to describe substituents are the same as those shown in the aforesaid formula.

EXAMPLE 1

A. Cyclic Silane

A solution of α,α-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl alcohol (C₆ H₅ -C(CF₃)₂ OH; 8.76 g, 35.9 mmol) and tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA; 5.41 g, 35.9 mmol) in petroleum ether (70 mL) was treated slowly with butyllithium at ca. 20°. After the addition was complete, the mixture was heated to gentle reflux for 12 h, then cooled to -25°; the resultant dianion of the formula ##STR8## was treated dropwise with a solution of methylphenyldichlorosilane (6.69 g, 35.9 mmol) in petroleum ether (50 mL). The resultant mixture was allowed to warm to 25°, stirred for 18 h, cooled and treated with water. Ether was added and the organic layer was separated and washed with water, brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. Kugelrohr distillation gave a major fraction which solidified (6.44 g). Recrystallization (twice from petroleum ether) gave 4.00 g of white solid, mp 60°-62°. ¹⁹ F nmr: φ=-75.26 and -75.90 (A₃ B₃, J_(FF) =9.0 Hz). ¹ H nmr: δ_(CDCL).sbsb.3^(TMS) 7.85-7.00 (m), 0.70 (s). ²⁹ Si nmr: +24.23 ppm.

Anal. Calcd. for

C₁₆ H₁₂ F₆ OSi: C, 53.04; H, 3.34. Found: C, 53.24; H, 3.31. These experimental details and the above data confirm that the product compound is the cyclic silane of the formula ##STR9## wherein R¹ is methyl, R² is phenyl and Y is CF₃.

B. Fluorosilicate

A mixture of cyclic silane prepared as in Part A (3.94 g) and acetonitrile (20 mL) was treated with 2.89 g of tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium trimethyldifluorosilicate [(CH₃)₂ N]₃ S.sup.⊕ (CH₃)₃ Si.sup.⊖ F₂ and stirred for 1.0 h. Volatiles were removed under a stream of nitrogen and the residue was treated with ether. The solid was filtered, washed with ether, and dried to give 5.78 g of white crystals, mp 78°-80° (dec.). ¹ H nmr: δ_(CD).sbsb.3_(CN) ^(TMS) 8.10-7.95 (m, 1H), 7.88-7.70 (m, 2H), 7.58-7.00 (m, 6H), 2.72 (s, 18H), 0.14 (s, 3H). ¹⁹ F nmr: φ=-74.16 and -75.19 (A₃ B₃, J=9.5 Hz). Si nmr: -75.13 (s).

Anal. Calcd. for C₂₂ H₃₀ N₃ F₇ OSSI: C, 48.42; H, 5.54; N, 7.70. Found: C, 47.76; H, 5.49; N, 8.06. These experimental details and the above data confirm that the product compound is the fluorosilicate of the invention and of the aforesaid formula wherein R¹ is methyl, R² is phenyl, X is F, Y is CF₃ and M.sup.⊕ is [(R⁴)₂ N]₃ S.sup.⊕ wherein R⁴ is methyl.

C. Cyanosilicate

A mixture of tetraethylammonium cyanide (1.16 g, 7.43 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was treated with a solution of cyclic silane prepared as in Part A (2.69 g, 7.43 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) and stirred for 18 h under a nitrogen atmosphere. Removal of solvent provided a viscous oil which slowly solidified to a brown solid. ¹ H nmr: δ_(CD).sbsb.3_(CN) ^(TMS) 8.69-8.35 (m, 1H), 8.00-6.90 (m, 8H), 3.08 (q, J=7Hz, 8H), 1.10 (doublet of triplets, J_(HH) =7Hz, 12H), 0.63 (s,3H). These experimental details and the above data confirm that the product compound is the cyanosilicate of the invention and of the aforesaid formula wherein R¹ is methyl, R² is phenyl, X is CN, Y is CF₃ and M.sup.⊕ is (R⁵)₄ N.sup.⊕ wherein R⁵ is ethyl.

EXAMPLE 2

A. Cyclic Silane

The dilithium salt of α,α-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl alcohol was prepared on a 0.20 mol scale by the procedure described in Example 1A. A solution of diphenyldichlorosilane (50.6 g, 0.20 mol) in petroleum ether (100 mL) was added dropwise to the mixture at ca. -50°. After the mixture warmed to 25°, it was heated to 40° for 1.5 h. Ether (250 mL) was added and reflux was continued for 1.0 h. The cooled mixture was treated with water, separated, and dried. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Petroleum ether was added and the mixture was filtered and evaporated to give an oil which was kugelrohr distilled to give 10.1 g of oil, bp 140°-150° (0.2mm). The product slowly crystallized and was recrystallized (hexane), mp 84°-86° . ¹ H nmr: δ_(CDCl).sbsb.3^(TMS) 7.90-7.15 (m). ¹⁹ F nmr: φ=-75.94 (s). These experimental details and the above data confirm that the product compound is the cyclic silane of the formula shown in Example 1A wherein R¹ and R² are phenyl and Y is CF₃.

B. Fluorosilicate

A solution of cyclic silane prepared as in Part A (1.58 g) in acetonitrile (6 mL) was treated with tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium trimethyldifluorosilicate (1.01 g) and stirred for 1.0 h. Most of the solvent was removed under a stream of nitrogen. Addition of ether, followed by filtration, gave 2.02 g of white crystals, mp 117°-118°. ¹ H nmr: δ_(CD).sbsb.3_(CN) ^(TMS) 8.43-8.28 (m, 1H), 8.17-7.87 (m, 4H), 7.75-7.20 (m, 9H), 2.77 (s, 18H). ¹⁹ F nmr: φ=-107.3 (s, 1F), -74.1 (s, 6F).

Anal. Calcd. for C₂₇ H₃₂ N₃ F₇ OSSi: C, 53.36; H, 5.31; N, 6.91. Found: C, 53.14; H, 5.31; N, 6.92. These experimental details and the above data confirm that the product compound is the fluorosilicate of the invention and of the aforesaid formula wherein R¹ and R² are phenyl, X is F, Y is CF₃ and M.sup.⊕ is [(R⁴)₂ N]₃ S.sup.⊕ wherein R⁴ is methyl.

C. Cyanosilicate

A solution of cyclic silane prepared as in Part A (948 mg) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (5 mL) was treated with tetraethylammonium cyanide and the mixture was stirred for 2.5 h. The solid was filtered, washed with THF, and dried under vacuum. ¹ H nmr: δ_(CD).sbsb.3_(CN) ^(TMS) 8.87-8.67 (m, 1H), 8.00-7.07 (m, 13H), 3.10 (q, J=7Hz), 1.12 (t with additional coupling to N). ¹⁹ F nmr: φ=-74.4 (s).

Anal. Calcd. for C₃₀ H₃₄ N₂ F₆ OSi: C, 62.05; H, 5.90; N, 4.82. Found: C, 61.95; H, 6.25; N, 5.27. These experimental details and the above data confirm that the product compound is the cyanosilicate of the invention and of the aforesaid formula wherein R¹ and R² are phenyl, X is CN, Y is CF₃ and M.sup.⊕ is (R⁵)₄ N.sup.⊕ wherein R⁵ is ethyl.

D. Azidosilicate

Tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium azide (245 mg, 1.19 mmol) and the cyclic silane prepared as in Part A (500 mg, 1.19 mmol) were dissolved in acetonitrile (1.0 mL). After standing for 0.75 h the solvent was removed under vacuum to give a white solid, mp 113°-115° (dec.). IR featured a strong band at 2050 cm⁻¹. ¹ H nmr: δ_(CD).sbsb.3_(CN) ^(TMS) 8.22-8.06 (m, 1H), 7.85-7.25 (m, 13H), 2.82 (s, 18H). ¹⁹ F nmr: φ=-75.0.

Anal. Calcd. for C₂₇ H₃₂ N₆ F₆ OSSi: C, 51.41; H, 5.11; N, 13.32. Found: C, 51.32; H, 4.95; N, 12.94. These experimental details and the above data confirm that the product compound is the azosilicate of the invention and of the aforesaid formula wherein R¹ and R² are phenyl, X is N₃, Y₄ is CF₃ and M.sup.⊕ is [(R⁴)₂ N]₃ S.sup.⊕ wherein R⁴ is methyl.

EXAMPLE 3

A. Cyclic Silane

A solution of α,α-dimethylbenzyl alcohol (50 mmol) and tetramethylethylenediamine (100 mmol) in petroleum ether (100 mL) was treated with butyllithium (100 mmol) at 20°, and the resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 12 h under an atmosphere of argon. The mixture was cooled, treated dropwise with a solution of silicon tetrachloride (25 mmol) in petroleum ether (50 mL), and stirred at 25° for 18 h. The mixture was cooled, treated with water, and extracted with ether. The organic layer was washed with water, dried, and evaporated. Kugelrohr distillation provided 1.90 g of solid material which was recrystallized from petroleum ether. ¹ H nmr: δ_(CDCl).sbsb.3^(TMS) 7.60-7.20 (m, 8H), 1.68 (s, 12H). These experimental details and the above data confirm that the product compound is the cyclic silane of the formula shown in Example 1A wherein R¹ and R² taken together are ##STR10## and Y is CH₃.

B. Fluorosilicate

A mixture of cyclic silane prepared as in Part A (1.76 g, 6.68 mmol) and acetonitrile (10 mL) was treated with tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium trimethyldifluorosilicate (1.75 g, 6.36 mmol) and stirred for 0.5 h. Solvent was removed under a stream of nitrogen, and the residue was treated with ether, filtered, and washed with ether to give a white solid, mp 115°-123°. ¹ H nmr: δ_(CD).sbsb.3_(CN) ^(TMS) 8.00 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.08 (m, 6H), 2.70 (s, 18H), 1.49 (s, 12H). ¹⁹ F nmr: φ=-115.2 (s).

Anal. Calcd. for C₂₄ H₃₈ N₃ FO₂ SSi: C, 60.09; H, 7.98; N, 8.76. Found: C, 58.20; H, 7.88; N, 9.03. These experimental details and the above data confirm that the product compound is the fluorosilicate of the invention and of the aforesaid formula wherein R¹ and R² taken together are ##STR11## X is F, Y₄ is CH₃ and M.sup.⊕ is [(R⁴)₂ N]₃ S.sup.⊕ wherein R⁴ is methyl.

The utility of the nonhygroscopic, anionic, pentacoordinate silicates of this invention as polymerization catalysts is demonstrated by the following experiments wherein methyl methacrylate is polymerized. To obtain the best polymerization results, the components used for the polymerization reactions generally should be of high purity and free of water and other protic materials. In the following experiments the tetrahydrofuran was distilled from sodium/benzophenone; the dimethylketene methyltrimethylsilylacetal was distilled using a spinning band column; and the methyl methacrylate was purified by passing through a column of neutral alumina.

EXPERIMENT 1

A. A solution of the fluorosilicate, in tetrahydrofuran (20 mg in 30 mL), prepared as in Example 2B, at 5° C. was admixed with dimethylketene methyltrimethylsilylacetal (0.35 mL, 2.15 mmol) and methyl methacrylate (5.00 mL, 47 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ca 35° C. After the exotherm had subsided and the temperature was 25° C., the mixture was stirred for 3 h. Methanol was added and solvent was removed under vacuum to yield 5.80 g of white solid polymethyl methacrylate which exhibited M_(w) =2530 and M_(n) =2120 by gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) analysis.

B. A solution of methyl methacrylate (5.0 mL, 47 mmol) and dimethylketene methyltrimethylsilylacetal (0.70 mL, 4.3 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 mL) at 5° C. was treated with the fluorosilicate prepared as in Example 2B (35 mg). The reaction temperature was allowed to reach 60° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1.0 h after the exotherm had subsided. Another portion of methyl methacrylate (3.0 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 1.0 h after the exotherm had subsided. The process was repeated twice more, adding a total of 14.0 mL of methyl methacrylate. Methanol was added and solvent was removed under vacuum to yield 16.2 g of white polymethyl methacrylate which exhibited M_(w) =3880 and M_(n) =3510 by GPC analysis.

EXPERIMENT 2

A solution of dimethylketene methyltrimethylsilylacetal in tetrahydrofuran (0.70 mL, 4.3 mmol in 15 mL THF) was admixed with the cyanosilicate (38 mg) prepared as in Example 2C. Methyl methacrylate (5.00 mL, 47 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 1.0 h after the exotherm had subsided. Another portion of methyl methacrylate (3.0 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 18 h and then processed as in Experiment 1. The yellow solid polymethyl methacrylate which was recovered (9.0 g) exhibited M_(w) =2410 and M_(n) =1980 by GPC analysis.

EXPERIMENT 3

A solution of the azidosilicate, in tetrahydrofuran (50 mg in 15 mL), prepared as in Example 2D, was admixed with dimethylketene methyltrimethylsilylacetal (0.70 mL) and methyl methacrylate (5 mL). Following the procedure described in Experiment 1, after stirring for 18 h the reaction mixture was worked up and 2.35 g of solid polymethyl methacrylate was recovered.

Best Mode for Carrying out the Invention

As presently contemplated, the best mode for carrying out the invention is demonstrated by the fluorosilicate of Example 2B and the preceding experiments.

Industrial Applicability

The industrial applicability of the nonhydroscopic, anionic, pentacoordinate silicates of this invention as polymerization catalysts has been demonstrated in the immediately-preceding experiments.

Although the above description includes preferred embodiments of the invention, it is to be understood that there is no intent to limit the invention to the precise constructions herein disclosed and that the right is reserved to all changes and modifications coming within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. 

I claim:
 1. Acrylate monomer polymerization process wherein the nonhygroscopic, anionic, pentacoordinate silicate of the formula ##STR12## wherein R¹ and R² are both aryl or one is aryl and the other is C₁₋₄ alkyl, or R¹ and R² taken together are ##STR13## Y is CF₃ or, when R¹ and R² are taken together, CH₃ ; X is F, CN or N₃ when Y is CF₃ ;X is F when Y is CH₃ ; M.sup.⊕ is (R³)₄ N.sup.⊕, [(R⁴)₂ N]₃ S.sup.⊕ or Cs.sup.⊕ when X is F; M.sup.⊕ is (R⁵)₄ N.sup.⊕ when X is CN: M.sup.⊕ is [(R⁴)₂ N]₃ S.sup.⊕ or (R⁵)₄ N.sup.⊕ when X is N₃ ; aryl is phenyl, phenyl substituted with F, C₁₋₄ alkyl or C₁₋₄ alkoxy or naphthyl; R³ is C₁₋₄ alkyl; R⁴ is C₁₋₂ alkyl or (R⁴)₂ is --CH₂ --₅ ; and R⁵ is C₂₋₄ alkylis used as the catalyst.
 2. Process of claim 1 comprising the polymerization of methyl methacrylate.
 3. Process of claim 1 wherein, in the formula, R¹ is methyl, R² is phenyl, X is F, Y is CF₃ and M.sup.⊕ is [(R⁴)₂ N]₃ S.sup.⊕ wherein R⁴ is methyl.
 4. Process of claim 1 wherein, in the formula, R¹ is methyl, R² is phenyl, X is CN, Y is CF₃ and M.sup.⊕ is (R⁵)₄ N.sup.⊕ wherein R⁵ is ethyl.
 5. Process of claim 1 wherein, in the formula, R¹ and R² are both phenyl, X is F, Y is CF₃ and M.sup.⊕ is [(R⁴)₂ N]₃ S.sup.⊕ wherein R⁴ is methyl.
 6. Process of claim 1 wherein, in the formula, R¹ and R² are both phenyl, X is CN, Y is CF₃ and M.sup.⊕ is (R⁵)₄ N.sup.⊕ wherein R⁵ is ethyl.
 7. Process of claim 1 wherein, in the formula, R¹ and R² are both phenyl, X is N₃, Y is CF₃ and M.sup.⊕ is [(R⁴)₂ N]₃ S.sup.⊕ wherein R⁴ is methyl.
 8. Process of claim 1 wherein, in the formula, R¹ and R² are taken together and are ##STR14## X is F, Y is CH₃ and M.sup.⊕ is [(R⁴)₂ N]₃ S.sup.⊕ wherein R⁴ is methyl. 